The Stone Age Fire fourteen 000 BC Advertisement 1600 Technologies is a important cultural determinant no much less necessary in shaping individual lives than philosophy faith social firm or political solutions In the broadest feeling these forces are also elements of technologies The French sociologist Jacques Ellul defined la approach as the totality of all rational practices in every field of individual exercise so that for case in point schooling legislation sports propaganda and the social sciences are all technologies in that feeling At the other end of the scale very common parlance restrictions the term s this means to distinct industrial arts The diffusion of technologies in what is now Canada commenced with the arrival of the for starters human beings about fourteen 000 BC These men or women brought with them stone and bone applications These took the kind of arrowheads axes blades scrappers needles harpoon heads and fishhooks utilized principally to destroy animals and fish for foodstuff and skins They also brought fire which they utilized for heating their dwellings and for cooking which was performed on open up fires There were no clay pots or ovens In the Arctic the Innu utilized stick frames covered with animal skins for shelter throughout the summer season months while throughout the hard winter season they constructed residences formed of snow or igloos On the plains native peoples utilized the clearly acknowledged teepee This consisted of a selection of poles organized to kind a conic al composition which was in turn covered with animal skins In central Canada the prolonged house was desirable This massive composition was constructed from interwoven branches and could house 70 to eighty men or women A couple of of these structures would be constructed jointly to kind a village which was more often than not surrounded by a palisade of logs caught vertically into the floor as protection from hostile tribes On the west coast native peoples built dwellings formed from weighty wood These structures were constructed near the h2o s edge and were more often than not adorned with elaborate and elegant carved photographs Transportation procedures were relatively easy The aboriginal peoples did not have the wheel horses or the sail The paddle driven canoe was the most very common indicates of transport and was especially functional throughout the summer season taking into consideration the massive selection of lakes and rivers that characterized the topography The d uggout was favoured in the waters off the west coast Summer season travel also saw use of the travois a relatively easy type of sled that was pulled more than the floor by a dog and utilized to transport a light load In the winter season snow footwear formed strolling in the deep snow functional Winter months transport in the Arctic formed use of dog groups and in warmer summer season months use of kayaks was very common Clothing was formed of animal skins which were cut with stone and bone applications and sewn with bone needles and animal sinews Native peoples did not have textiles For the most component native peoples were hunters and gatherers chasing massive animals and fishing for a supply of protein Wild plants and fruits that also an necessary foodstuff supply A very common very easily stored and quickly transportable foodstuff was pemmican dried powdered meat blended with fat berries and greens In central Canada there was limited agriculture which authorized the sto rage of some foodstuff throughout instances of privation Of notice was the simple fact that they did not have the plough or draught animals The for starters peoples had procedures for dealing with condition Medicines bundled people formed from huge bush cranberries oil of wintergreen and bloodroot between others A type of tea formed from the bark of the spruce or hemlock could prevent or cure scurvy The for starters peoples did not have a penned language Their substantial practical knowledge of the natural globe and tips relating to their customs and traditions was handed orally Weapons of war were formed by hand from wood and stone The prolonged array weapon of these instances was the bow and arrow with an productive array of up to one hundred metres Close in fighting was carried out with a array of relatively easy armaments as well as stone tipped spears stone axes tomahawk stone blades utilized as knives and stone and wood clubs of multiple types As a result of there was no practical knowledge of metalworking with the exception of some minimal items of jewelry formed from copper weapons these as swords and metal knives were not component of this early arsenal The Age of Sail Ships symbolic language and the wheel 16001830 The arrival of white explorers and colonists in the 1500s introduced people technologies desirable in Europe at the time these as iron building the wheel producing paper printing books newspapers prolonged array navigation massive ship development stone and brick and mortar development surgical procedures firearms new crops livestock the knife fork and spoon china plates and cups weed cotton and linen cloth horses and livestock Transportation Shipbuilding and the Wheel The use of wind and h2o as resources of electric power were important developments in the technological heritage of the new colonies Ships with massive masts and great canvas sails managed the hyperlink concerning the colonies and the imperial centres Paris Fr ance until eventually 1769 and London England until eventually the arrival of steam electric power in 1850 The ships in company were constructed not only in Europe but also in the colonies The development of these vessels shipbuilding was a amazing feat in the nascent colonies of New France and British North America representing the dominant sector of the colonial production market place for 200 yrs Style and design and development procedures reflected people desirable in northern Europe throughout the period of time Intendant Jean Talon established the Royal Dockyard on the St Charles River in Quebec Metropolis and the for starters 120 ton vessel was launched there in 1666 Several other ships as well as a 450 ton galiotte were constructed just before Talon departure for France in 1672 and four a bit more were constructed in Quebec concerning 1704 and 1712 followed by another 9 concerning 1714 and 1717 Give good results at the Royal Dockyard recommenced in 1739 and by 1744 t welve vessels had been built there as well as the Canada a five hundred ton merchantman Desire for ships was these that a second Royal Dockyard was established in 1746 on the St Lawrence at the foot of Cap Diamante whereby the largest vessel of the French Regime a 72 gun 800 ton war ship was constructed The drop of New France to the British in 1759 set an end to these actions But nevertheless the start of the nineteenth century witnessed a revival The British decline of the American colonies with their linked shipbuilding market place the subsequent British decline of Baltic resources of wood as clearly as Canada abundant offer of wood along with the tradition of shipbuilding established in New France formed British North America an perfect spot for a renewed shipbuilding market place Quebec Metropolis and Saint John New Brunswick equally centres of wood export also became dominant centres for this exercise not only in Canada but worldwide The ships were intended for trade p rincipally with Britain and very common variations bundled the two masted brig and brigantine and the desirable barque with a couple of masts or a bit more Layouts of concerning five hundred and a thousand tons which sacrificed speed in favour of a voluminous maintain that was clearly suited to the carriage of wood were desired The Californian and Australian gold rushes of 1848 and 1851 respectively even further fed the need for Canada massive ocean vessels But nevertheless the arrival of the iron and steel hulled steam ship linked with the Canadian inability to adapt to this new technologies eventually bankrupted the market place in the latter yrs of the century Inland travel by the coureurs de bois was by way of an Indian invention the canoe The York boat and bateau were also desirable for travel on inland waters The York boat was utilized by traders performing for the Hudson Bay Supplier and was named upon the fur buying and selling publish at York Factory on Hudson Bay T he York boat was a bit more stable larger and had a higher carrying capability than the canoe The for starters was constructed in 1794 and amounts of these craft navigated the rivers of the northern prairie region as far west as Fort Chipewyan until eventually replaced by the steamboat in the nineteenth century The flat bottomed bateau was another craft utilized on Canada inland waters by equally British and French colonists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Within settlements transport was more often than not easily a issue of strolling roughly town The horse introduced by the new arrivals in 1665 also offered a new and hassle-free mode of transport The wood cart waggon and carriage formed attainable by the introduction of the wheel in combination with the horse dramatically improved the transport of men or women and items The for starters graded highway in Canada was constructed by Samuel de Champlain in 1606 and linked the settlement at Port Royal to Digby Cape 1 6 kilometres absent By 1734 Quebec Metropolis and Montreal were related by a highway Le chemin du roi along the north shore of the St Lawrence The 267 km length could be traversed with perfect problem and distress by horse drawn carriage in four to 5 days Most roadways were of highly inadequate high quality especially in damp climate To defeat this trouble logs were more often than not positioned facet by facet crosswise to go over ruts puddles and mud holes The end result was a a bit more good but highly bumpy area that was referred to as a corduroy highway Give good results on what would be called the longest road in the globe formally acknowledged as Yonge Road commenced in York Toronto in 1795 under the path of Deputy Surveyor General Augustus Jones At first a path it ran from Eglington Voie to St Albans Holland Landing and later on significantly even further north The job of widening the route into a highway fell to area farmers The period of time also saw the developme nt a selection of necessary canals as well as the Rideau Canal Ottawaingston 1820 the Lachine Canal Montreal 1825 the Ottawa River Canals at Grenville and Carillon Quebec 1834 and the Chambly Canal Chambly Quebec 1843 Communication Symbolic Language The introduction of penned language and mathematics to the new globe was of paramount relevance The 26 letter Roman based mostly alphabet that shaped the foundation for French and English words was arguably significantly a bit more adaptable that the pictographs that characterized eastern languages The pen along with ink and paper formed penned communication attainable and authorized private persons businessmen the clergy and government officials to make the paperwork crucial for social commercial religious and political intercourse This put together a demand for mail company Messages were at first carried concerning settlements on the St Lawrence by canoe Immediately after 1734 the highway concerning Montreal and Quebec was util ized by a extraordinary courier to carry official dispatches In 1755 a publish workplace was opened in Halifax by Benjamin Franklin the Submit Learn of the British colonies as component of a trans Atlantic mail company that he established concerning Falmouth England and New York In 1763 Franklin opened other publish offices in Quebec Metropolis Trois Rivires and Montreal with a hyperlink from the latter town to New York and the trans Atlantic company The War of American Independence significantly disrupted mail company in Canada but by 1783 peace had been restored and Hugh Finlay was appointed Submit Learn for the northern colonies in 1784 That same year Finlay employed Pierre Durand to survey an all Canadian mail route to Halifax The route picked took 15 weeks for a round excursion However the penned phrase was a essential component of communications French colonial coverage opposed the establishment of newspapers in New France Canada s for starters paper the Halifax Gazett e produced on a relatively easy printing press commenced publication in 1752 under the watchful eye of John Bushell In 1764 the Quebec Gazette was established in Quebec Metropolis by William Brown and Thomas Gilmore The Montreal Gazette was founded in that town in 1785 by Fleury Mesplet Other newspapers followed as well as the Higher Canada Gazette at Newark Niagara on the Lake in 1793 the for starters newspaper in what is now Ontario the Quebec Metropolis Mercury 1805 the Montreal Herald 1811 Le Canadien 1806 La Minerve 1826 and the Colonial Advocate and Novascotian equally in 1824 These publications were relatively easy affairs typeset by hand consisting of only a couple of pages produced in limited quantities on relatively easy presses and of limited distribution Power Wind electric power was utilized to some to turn the sails of the windmill which did not arrive into prevalent use But nevertheless h2o electric power was utilized extensively to electric power grist mill i n equally New France and later on Quebec and Higher Canada and Reduced Canada Animal electric power in the kind of the horse or ox was utilized to deliver the results the fields The for starters horses were introduced to New France in 1665 Fire from a wood or oil gas supply was not new but the use of stone fireplaces and ovens along with metal pots and pans dramatically adjusted the character of cooking Business Involving the 1530s and 1626 Basque whalers whaling frequented the waters of Newfoundland and the north shore of the Gulf of St Lawrence from the Strait of Bell Isle to the mouth of the Sagenuay River They built stone ovens ashore for fires to melt whale fat But nevertheless as whales became scarce the cod fishery fishing off the Grand Financial institutions of Newfoundland became hotly contested by the British and French in the sixteenth and seventeenth century The British utilized minimal boats near to shore from which they caught the cod with hook and line They pr actised the dry fishery approach which concerned shore based mostly settlements for the drying of cod on flakes or racks positioned in the open up air for their subsequent transport back to Europe The French on the other hand practised the green fishery which concerned processing the catch with salt aboard ship At the same time a fleet of schooners fishing for cod halibut haddock and mackerel became prominent off the Atlantic coast The use of the prolonged line and purse seine net elevated the dimensions of the catch It is ironic that a phenomenon as fickle as manner would be accountable for the financial development and exploration of half a continent but these was the situation with the fur trade in North America concerning 1650 and 1850 The matter of bitter rivalry concerning the British and French Empires and inter company rivalry between a selection of home business organizations notably the Hud
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